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Thursday, February 23, 2012

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1. Historical perspective of CAM.
CNC milling machines have of course been developed based on conventional milling
machines, where the tool is moved through the material by operating a hand wheel for each of
the available axes (X, Y, Z, ...). The basis of adding NC (Numerical Control) is very simple:
replace the hand wheel by a positioning motor and add some electronics (the NC controller) to
control the position. Nowadays many conversion kits are available to perform such operation.
The first NC controllers were very simple: no user-interface, just an option to read the toolpositions to go to from a punched

2. The position of CAM Software in the process.
In order to manufacture a part, nowadays typically three different software programs are used
(see the illustration above):
- First the CAD software to make the design of the part
- Next de CAM software to calculate the toolpaths based on the design, compensating for the
cutter’s geometry, adding feedrate and spindle commands, etc
- Third the control software to read the toolpaths and let the machine actually move along
these paths.
This subdivision of tasks by three different programs is the same for both 2D and 3D
applications.

The Control software comes with the milling machine, while in contrast the CAD and the CAM
software have to be bought separately. In case an NC controller with built in special purpose
computer is used, the Control software is integrated. In case of a PC the Control software has2
to be installed, still it ’belongs’ to the machine as the machine cannot function without the
Control software. Do note that many lowcost CNC machines are delivered with MS Dos based
Control software, as the realtime control needed for machining is difficult to program under
Windows.

Communication between the three programs is done using files. From CAD to CAM the
design is transferred using a file format for geometry data exchange. For instance file types
like IGES, STL and STEP for 3D, DXF for both 2D and 3D, and Postscript and HPGL for 2D
applications. These are standard formats that in most (!) cases can be used without any
special configuring needed. Much more can be said about these file types. Perhaps an idea
for a next article of the month I won’t add any explanations here.
Communication from CAD to Control software is done using NC program files, for which many
formats do exist. In most cases the format will be a (minor) variation on the ISO / DIN G-code
format.

3. Types of CAM software.
Many different CAM software packages are available, showing large differences in price. It is
a very difficult job to get a clear view about each system’s capabilities and it’s
price/performance ratio. The CAM software comparison table on this website is a great help,
still only doing some real-life testing gives good evaluation information. To give some
guidelines for choosing, two basic categorizations can be made.

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Article by Fast2Earn.Com

1 comment:

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